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The tables have been turned with the to_ methods. The String class provides the to_i and to_f methods to convert a string to an object of class Integer or Float respectively. The String class also offers to_sym, which converts a string into a symbol. Symbols provide the inverse, with a to_s method to convert them into strings.

Likewise, the number classes support to_s to convert themselves into textual representations, as well as to_i and to_f to convert to and between integers and floats.

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>>> table = maketrans(' ', ' ') >>> word = 'K PES M' >>> print word.lower() k pes m >>> print word.translate(table) K PES M >>> print word.translate(table).lower() k pes m See also: replace, lower.

Summary

Now you ll sketch the Setting slide, which orients the audience to the context of the presentation.

In this chapter, you ve looked at the key building blocks of all computer programs data, expressions, and logic and discovered how to implement them with Ruby. The topics in this chapter provide a critical foundation for every other chapter in this book, as almost every future line of your Ruby code will contain an expression, an iterator, or some sort of logic.

Note It s important to remember that due to the depth of Ruby, I haven t tried to cover every single combination of classes and methods here. There s more than one way to do anything in Ruby, and we ve looked at the easiest routes first, before moving on to more advanced techniques later in the book.

As you probably remember from 4, the rst ve slides work their magic by appealing primarily to emotion. One of the most effective ways to enhance your appeal to emotion is by adding a full-screen photograph to the slide. If that s the way you want to go in this example, sketch a photo of a magazine cover with a headline about declining returns, as shown on the upper-left slide in Figure 7-4.

You have not yet exhausted the different types of data within Ruby. Objects and classes, as covered in 2, are actually types of data too, although they might appear not to be. In 6 you ll directly manipulate objects and classes in a similar way to how you ve manipulated the numbers and strings in this chapter, and the bigger picture will become clear. Before moving on to 4, where you ll develop a full, but basic, Ruby program, let s reflect on what you ve covered so far: Variables: We already covered these in 2, but extended our knowledge of them in this chapter. They re placeholders that can hold an object, from numbers, to text, to arrays, to objects of your own creation. Operator: Something that s used in an expression to manipulate objects such as + (plus), - (minus), * (multiply), and / (divide). You can also use operators to do comparisons, such as with <, >, and &&. Integer: A whole number, such as 5 or 923737. Float: A number with a decimal portion, such as 1.0 or 3.141592. Character: A single letter, digit, unit of space, or typographic symbol. String: A collection of characters such as Hello, world! or Ruby is cool. Constant: A variable with a fixed value. Constant variable names begin with a capital letter.

In this chapter, you have seen two important ways of working with strings: String formatting. The modulo operator (%) can be used to splice values into a string that contains conversion flags, such as %s. You can use this to format values in many ways, including right or left justification, setting a specific field width and precision, adding a sign (plus or minus), or left-padding with zeros. String methods. Strings have a plethora of methods. Some of them are extremely useful (such as split and join), while others are used less often (such as istitle or capitalize).